Our study introduces the complementarity perspective to the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) research as a process to compare the two entrepreneurial ecosystems across different countries and institutions. We apply the mixed method techniques to understand what works and what does not in the ecosystem and how regional and industry level conditions may facilitate more sustainable, resilient entrepreneurial ecosystems, where entrepreneurs grow and internationalize.

Our empirical part focuses on two entrepreneurial ecosystem (Istanbul in Turkey and Reading in the UK) models characterized by different EE taxonomy pillars and embedded in different local and institutional contexts. As a result of the study, two findings emerge. First, we find three distinct complementarities in both EEs: access to resources, effective use of resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and ecosystem awareness.

Second, industry and regional conditions facilitate specific entrepreneurship activity, affects scaling and internationalization. The mechanism which enables firm scaling and internationalization in the ecosystem is much dependent on the presence and hiring by MNEs in a region.

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